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- In Python, operators are special symbols or keywords that perform operations on variables or values.
- They are used to carry out tasks like arithmetic calculations, comparisons, logical operations, and more.
Types of Operators in Python
- Python provides a rich set of operators that can be grouped into various categories. These are –
1. Arithmetic Operators
These operators perform basic mathematical/calculation operations.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
+ |
Addition | 5 + 3 = 8 |
- |
Subtraction | 5 - 3 = 2 |
* |
Multiplication | 5 * 3 = 15 |
/ |
Division (float) | 5 / 2 = 2.5 |
// |
Floor division (integer) | 5 // 2 = 2 |
% |
Modulus (remainder) | 5 % 2 = 1 |
** |
Exponentiation (power) | 5 ** 2 = 25 |
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
These operators compare two values and return a Boolean value (either True/1 or False/0).
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
== |
Equal to | 5 == 5 |
!= |
Not equal to | 5 != 3 |
> |
Greater than | 5 > 3 |
< |
Less than | 3 < 5 |
>= |
Greater than or equal to | 5 >= 5 |
<= |
Less than or equal to | 3 <= 5 |
3. Logical Operators
These operators perform logical operations and return a Boolean value (either True/1 or False/0).
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
and |
Returns True if both operands are true |
A and B |
or |
Returns True if at least one operand is true |
A or B |
not |
Returns the negation of the operand | not A/ not B |
4. Assignment Operators
These operators are used to assign values to variables and can also be combined with arithmetic operations.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
= |
Simple assignment | x = 5 |
+= |
Add and assign | x += 3 ( means x = x + 3) |
-= |
Subtract and assign | x -= 3 |
*= |
Multiply and assign | x *= 3 |
/= |
Divide and assign | x /= 3 |
//= |
Floor divide and assign | x //= 3 |
%= |
Modulus and assign | x %= 3 |
**= |
Exponentiate and assign | x **= 3 |
5. Bitwise Operators
These operators perform bit-level internal operations on integers.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
& |
Bitwise AND | 5 & 3 |
| ` | ` | Bitwise OR |
^ |
Bitwise XOR | 5 ^ 3 |
~ |
Bitwise NOT (inverts bits) | ~5 |
<< |
Left shift (shift bits to the left) | 5 << 1 |
>> |
Right shift (shift bits to the right) | 5 >> 1 |
6. Identity Operators
These operators check if two objects refer to the same memory location.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
is |
Returns True if both variables point to the same object |
x is y |
is not |
Returns True if both variables point to different objects |
x is not y |
7. Membership Operators
These operators are used to check if a value or variable is found in a sequence (like a list, string, or tuple).
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
in |
Returns True if a value is found in a sequence |
'a' in 'apple' |
not in |
Returns True if a value is not found in a sequence |
'x' not in 'apple' |
8. Ternary/Conditional Operator
This is a shorthand for conditional expressions (if-else).
result = x if x>y else y
-
is ==:
- Here, ‘is’ checks if two variables refer to the same object in memory, and ‘==’ checks if two variables have the same value.
- For example –
x = [10, 20, 30]
y = [10, 20, 30]
print(x == y) # Output: – True (because same values)
print(a is b) # Output: – False (because different objects)
Operator Precedence in Python
- Operator precedence determines the order in which operations are performed.
- In an expression, operators with higher precedence are evaluated first.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
() |
Parentheses |
** |
Exponentiation |
+x, -x, ~x |
Unary plus, minus, NOT |
*, /, //, % |
Multiplication, division, floor division, modulus |
+, - |
Addition, subtraction |
<<, >> |
Bitwise shift |
& |
Bitwise AND |
^ |
Bitwise XOR |
| ` | ` |
in, not in, is, is not, ==, !=, <, <=, >, >= |
Comparisons, identity, membership operators |
not |
Logical NOT |
and |
Logical AND |
or |
Logical OR |
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